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难民潮淹没了波兰
华沙——地方政府买床还不够快。提出收留难民的波兰人收到了来自新移民的100多封电子邮件，他们想找个地方睡觉，邮件中往往充满了他们苦难经历的细节。这是自1987年以来，波兰的人口首次增加。欧洲正面临二战以来最大的难民危机。俄罗斯入侵乌克兰两周以来，已有200多万人逃往欧盟，而且还看不到结束的迹象。绝大多数都是在欧盟东部国家。官员们正忙于扩建住房、学校和社会服务设施，以应对预计还将增加数百万人的涌入。玛尔塔(Marta Molińska)说:“他们昼夜不停地打电话来，问我们有没有床位。”玛尔塔在波兰西部经营着一个跳伞营地，她把这个营地变成了原本应该容纳15人的避难所。现在它可以容纳50人。每三秒钟就有两个乌克兰人进入波兰。抵达波兰的140万人口将缔造该国第二大城市。波兰官员预计，到下周，他们可能会超过该国最大城市华沙。自1987年以来，波兰的人口一直稳定在3800万左右，这是由于移民和出生率低造成的。自2月24日以来，这一数字已经达到3900万，几周内可能会超过8560万。浪潮正在冲击华沙，仅仅一周多的时间，就有20万乌克兰人抵达华沙。如果新来者留下来，就像政府预计的那样，首都每9个居民中就有1个是新到的乌克兰人。波兰政府的这一估计是保守的。华沙市长Rafa? Trzaskowski说，成千上万的乌克兰人出现在城市的车站，寻求食物和医疗帮助，这只是城市中的一小部分。这个数字应该会继续上升。乌克兰战前的人口为4856万。在市政厅，特扎斯科夫斯基一直在打电话，设法在邻国找到住处。周二，他在柏林争取到了一座可以容纳300人的体育场，而在维也纳的一座建筑可以容纳800人。就在他完成这些工作后，政府打电话说有五列火车正在前往华沙的途中。他说：“越来越多的人没有朋友，没有家人，完全迷失了方向。”他说：“这就像是我们在第二次世界大战后最大的人道主义危机。我们能做什么?我们是一个城市。”对欧盟来说，2015年有130万寻求庇护者抵达，其中大部分来自非洲和中东，这次的难民危机更大，而且针对的是不同的国家。当时，波兰、匈牙利、斯洛伐克和捷克共和国都反对重新分配难民的提议，这些难民主要前往德国、意大利或其他富裕国家。这一次，绝大多数难民前往欧盟东部国家，这些国家曾试图限制逃离叙利亚或利比亚战争的难民抵达。对乌克兰人来说，波兰语和斯洛伐克语是相似的语言，两国有着数百年的共同文化和历史。紧张的劳动力市场、负担得起的城市以及早已存在的移民，使得这些国家对乌克兰人很有吸引力，因为乌克兰人发现在欧洲西部的选择更少。到目前为止，英国已经接收了大约300名乌克兰难民。承诺尽可能多地接纳乌克兰人的政府已经提出了80亿兹罗提(17亿美元)的预算计划，以管理涌入的乌克兰人。它的提议包括向难民支付一次性福利。波兰人极度同情他们东部邻国的困境，已经开放了自己的家园和企业。在克拉科夫，一个非营利组织把一个旧剧院变成了避难所，战争第一天能容纳12人，第二天能容纳100人，从那以后就一直人满为患。移民和人权组织Salam Lab的负责人卡罗尔·威尔钦斯基(Karol Wilczynski)说，大约有3500人提供了他们在该市的公寓，现在都满了。在网上，超过1万名波兰人加入了一个网站，承诺免费收留难民。每个报价都能得到100多个回复。志愿者们向网站创始人抱怨说，他们的手机一直响个不停。一些难民正分散到欧洲其他地区。周三，从华沙西部火车站开往柏林的火车全部售罄，36岁的奥克萨娜·波Poplavska是两个孩子的母亲，她从基辅的家出发，连续9天不停地旅行，现在却无处过夜。当她的孩子们吃着糕点，喝着纸杯里的热苹果酒时，她哭着问路人是否有地方可以住她。意大利是欧洲乌克兰人口最多的国家之一，该国表示，未来几周将有80万难民抵达。欧洲正在迅速采取行动应对这场危机。就在一天之内，欧盟国家批准了临时措施，允许乌克兰人获得住房、医疗保险、学校和社会福利援助。在华沙的中央火车站，一位母亲和她的两个孩子走过一条狭窄的人行道，穿过坐在地板上、台阶上、行李箱或袋子上的难民人群。她说，一名司机拿了她的钱就走了，留下他们和几十个住在麦当劳前的家庭在毯子上过夜。“我们的问题是，这些人不知道该做什么。他们来自乌克兰的一些农村，只会说乌克兰语，他们不知道要去哪里，也不知道要待多久。”附近的一名志愿者从人群中挤过来。他还没说完下一句话，一位独自从乌克兰农村来的老妇人打断了他，说她不知道该去哪里。她说：“我没有地方住，而且我不会说当地语言。”
Waves of Refugees Overwhelm Poland
Local officials rush to expand housing for an influx expected to grow by millions moreWARSAW—Local governments can’t buy beds fast enough. Poles who offer to host refugees get more than 100 emails from newcomers looking for a place to sleep, often full of details of their ordeal. The flood of people has raised Poland’s population for the first time since 1987.Europe is facing its biggest refugee crisis since World War II. In the two weeks since Russia invaded Ukraine, more than two million people have fled to the European Union, with no end in sight. The overwhelming majority are descending on countries in the EU’s east. Officials are scrambling to expand housing, schools and social services for an influx of people expected to grow by millions more.“They’re calling day and night, asking if we have beds,” said Marta Molińska, who turned the skydiving camp she runs in western Poland into a shelter for what initially was supposed to be 15 people. It now houses 50.Two Ukrainians enter Poland every three seconds. The 1.4 million people who have arrived in Poland would create the country’s second-largest city. By next week, they will likely surpass Warsaw, the country’s biggest city, Polish officials expect.Since 1987, Poland’s population has been steady around 38 million, held down by emigration and few births. Since Feb. 24, it has hit 39 million, and within weeks it will likely top 40 million.The wave is crashing into Warsaw, where 200,000 Ukrainians have arrived in just over a week. If the newcomers stay, as the government expects most to do, 1 out of every 9 residents of the capital would be a newly arrived Ukrainian.That Polish government estimate is conservative. The tens of thousands of Ukrainians showing up at the city’s stations for food and medical help are a fraction of those in the city, said Warsaw’s mayor, Rafa? Trzaskowski. The number should keep rising. Ukraine’s prewar population stood at 44 million.From city hall, Mr. Trzaskowski has been working the phone, managing to find accommodations in neighboring countries. On Tuesday, he secured a stadium in Berlin willing to house 300 people, while a building in Vienna was available for 800. Just after he sealed those deals, the government called to say five trains were on their way to Warsaw.“We get more and more people who have no friends adand no family and are completely disoriented,” he said. “This is like our biggest humanitarian crisis after the Second World War. What can we do? We are one city.” For the EU, which saw 1.3 million asylum seekers arrive in 2015—mostly from Africa and the Middle East—this refugee crisis is bigger and targeted at a different set of countries. Then, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia and Czech Republic all resisted a proposal to redistribute refugees who mainly headed for Germany, Italy or other wealthier states.This time, refugees are overwhelmingly headed into the EU’s eastern countries, the same ones that tried to restrict the arrivals of refugees escaping wars in Syria or Libya. For Ukrainians, both Polish and Slovak are similar languages, and their countries have centuries of shared culture and history.Tight labor markets, affordable cities and a pre-existing diaspora have made those countries appealing for Ukrainians, who find options slimmer in Europe’s west. So far, the U.K. has accepted about 300 Ukrainian refugees.The government, which has vowed to accommodate as many Ukrainians as it can, has floated an 8 billion zloty ($1.7 billion) budget package to manage the influx. Its proposals include a one-time welfare payment to refugees.Poles, overwhelmingly sympathetic with their eastern neighbor’s plight, have opened their homes and businesses. In Krakow, a nonprofit turned an old theater into a shelter that housed 12 people on the first day of the war, 100 people on the next day and has been packed ever since. Some 3,500 people offered their apartments in the city, all now full, said Karol Wilczynski, who runs Salam Lab, a migration and human-rights group.Online, more than 10,000 Poles joined a website pledging to host refugees in their homes, free of charge. Each offer can get more than 100 responses.Volunteers have complained to the website founder that their phones won’t stop ringing.Some refugees are branching out to alternative parts of Europe. On Wednesday, trains leaving Warsaw’s western railway station for Berlin were sold out, leaving Oksana Poplavska, a 36-year-old mother of two children with nowhere to spend the night, after nine days of nonstop travel from their home in Kyiv.As her children nibbled on pastries and drank hot cider from paper cups, she cried, asking bystanders if there was any place that would house her.Other European countries are bracing for an influx. Italy, with one of the largest Ukrainian populations in Europe, says 800,000 refugees could arrive in coming weeks.Europe is moving quickly to address the crisis. In just one day, EU countries approved temporary measures that give Ukrainians access to housing, medical coverage, schools and social-welfare assistance.At Warsaw’s central railway station, a mother and her two children navigated a thin footpath through the crowd of refugees sitting on the floor, steps, their suitcases or bags.A driver took her money and left without her, she said, leaving them to spend the night among the dozens of families camped out on blankets in front of a packed McDonald’s.“We’ve got a problem with these people who don’t know what to do. They are from some countryside in Ukraine, they speak only Ukrainian, and they have no idea where to go or how long they want to stay,” said a nearby volunteer, filtering through the crowd.Before he could finish his next sentence, an elderly woman traveling alone from rural Ukraine interrupted, saying she wasn’t sure where to go. “I have no place to stay and I don’t speak the language,” she said.
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