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美国历史
USA HISTORY
What was taxation without representation?
The next problem was the British debt from the French and India war. Supplies, ships and soldiers had been very expensive. Some money had been great by increasing taxes of people in Great Britain. The government had to find a way to pay off the debt without taxing the British taxpayers too much. In 1764, parliament, the government of Great Britain agreed that it had the right to tax the colonies in exchange for protection from all enemies. The colonies disagreed with this policy, saying they did not need any British help to protect themselves. As subject of Great Britain, the colonists had no right to object to its rulings. Nevertheless many felt this taxation without colonial agreement or "taxation without representation" could not be tolerated. They began talking about a war over taxation.
What New British Policies Were Started?
George Grenville became prime minister of Great Britain in 1763. He decided it was necessary to get more money from the American colonies. The Sugar Act was passed in 1764. This act raised the tax on sugar, cloth goods, and other articles from any places other than Great Britain. The Currency Act, also passed in 1764, made it illegal for the colonies to print their own money. The Quartering Act was passed in 1765. This act demanded that the colonies provide housing and goods for all British soldiers in America. The Stamp Act was passed in 1765. The purpose of the act, To enable the government to tax legal and business papers used in America. It also taxed such items as playing cards and dice. Special stamp agents were appointed to sell the stamps and collect the taxes.
The colonists protested the Stamp Act. One way they protested was to tar and feather tax collectors. They covered the tax collections with tar and then with feathers. Colonists burned legal papers and refused to pay the taxes. Also, they tried to force the removal of the Stamp Act by boycotting all British goods.
A boycott occurs when a person, country, or group refuses to deal with another person, country, or group. Parliament decided to remove, or rebel, the tax in 1666.
The repeal of the Stamp Act pleased the colonists. The good feeling, however, did not last long. Shortly thereafter, Parliament passed the Declaratory Act. This act stated that Great Britain had control over the colonies in all cases.
下一个问题是法国和印第安战争中的英国债务。补给、船只和士兵都非常昂贵。一些钱通过增加英国人的税收而变得很可观。政府不得不设法在不向英国纳税人征税的情况下还清债务。1764年，英国议会和政府同意，它有权向殖民地征税，以换取对所有敌人的保护。殖民地不同意这一政策，说他们不需要任何英国人的帮助来保护自己。作为大不列颠的臣民，殖民者无权反对它的裁决。然而，许多人认为，不能容忍这种没有殖民协议的征税或“没有代表权的征税”。他们开始谈论关于税收的战争。乔治·格伦维尔于1763年成为英国首相。他认为有必要从美洲殖民地得到更多的钱。《糖法》于1764年通过。这项法案提高了对来自英国以外任何地方的糖、布匹和其他物品的税收。1764年通过的《货币法》规定殖民地自行印制货币是非法的。《四分之一兵法》于1765年通过。这项法案要求殖民地为所有在美国的英国士兵提供住房和货物。《印花税法》于1765年通过。该法案的目的是使政府能够对在美国使用的法律和商业文件征税。它还对扑克牌和骰子等物品征税。印花税代理商负责销售印花和收税。殖民者抗议印花税法案。他们抗议的一种方式是向税务员们撒焦油和羽毛。他们用焦油和羽毛覆盖税收员。殖民者烧毁法律文件，拒绝纳税。同时，他们试图通过抵制所有英国商品来迫使废除《印花税法案》。抵制是指一个人、一个国家或一个团体拒绝与另一个人、国家或团体打交道。1666年，议会决定取消或反对这项税收。废除印花税法使殖民者高兴。然而，这种好感并没有持续多久。此后不久，议会通过了宣言法案。在英国，所有的殖民地都有控制权。
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